Нісіда К. Дослідження блага. Частина ІІІ, глави 12–13 / Переклад з японської, вступна стаття та коментарі С. В. Капранова

Abstract

The publication presents the Ukrainian translation of chapters 12–13 of the third part of the work Zen-no kenkyu (Investigation of the Good) by Nishida Kitaro, a prominent Japanese philosopher of the 20^th century, the founder of modern Japanese philosophy. The third part of the work is devoted to the concept of good. In chapter 12, Nishida analyzes the goal of good behavior (the content of good). He proves that such a goal is the realization of one’s own individuality, and he designates this individual good. Nishida clearly distinguishes between individualism as the pursuit of individual good and egoism as the pursuit of material desires. True individualism, in his opinion, does not contradict the interests of society. Substantiating this, Nishida moves on to the concept of social consciousness, which has different levels – from the family to the state and, in the future, all of mankind. Chapter 13 is devoted to perfect good behavior. In it, Nishida starts from the problem of reconciling the internal and external aspects of goodness, the need for goodness and goodness as a fact. He concludes that perfect good behavior is when the internal aspect – the achievement of one’s own true essence through self-improvement generates the external one – love for one’s neighbors, for all humanity. Nishida sees the path to this in the realization of the unity of subject and object through the death of the false “I” and, after that, the resurrection of the individual as the true “I”, that is identical with the essence of the cosmos. This is fully consistent with East Asian spiritual doctrines – Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism, Neo-Confucianism, but Nishida almost does not mention them (there are only two mentions of Buddhism). Nisida, as before, actively turns to Western sources – not only to philosophy (Aristotle, Plato, Augustine, Schopenhauer, Hobbes, Hegel, Rousseau, Hippolytus Thane, Harald Höffding, Otto Weininger), but also to literature (Henrik Ibsen’s “Brand”, Goethe’s “Faust”) and art (Raphael, Michelangelo, Giotto).